Kajian Literatur: Kendala dan Strategi Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA pada Kurikulum Merdeka di Tingkat Sekolah Dasar

Abstract

This study investigates the challenges encountered in the implementation of the "Kurikulum Merdeka" (Independent Curriculum) in teaching Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA) at the primary school level. As a qualitative library research, this study synthesized findings from national and international journal articles, policy documents, and official education reports published between 2020 and 2025. The literature was selected based on relevance to the obstacles and instructional strategies associated with MIPA learning within the framework of the new curriculum. The findings reveal multiple interrelated issues: limited school facilities and teaching aids, low student science literacy, insufficient teacher competence in delivering contextual and student-centered learning, as well as poor technological readiness among educators, particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, difficulties in lesson planning, designing differentiated instruction, and utilizing digital tools were commonly identified. These problems reflect broader systemic inequalities in training access, infrastructure readiness, and managerial support. The study recommends a series of strategic interventions, including continuous professional development for teachers, the use of low-cost contextual teaching aids, and optimized use of digital platforms like "Merdeka Mengajar." This review highlights the crucial role of teacher preparedness, resource availability, and adaptive school leadership in ensuring equitable and effective implementation of Kurikulum Merdeka across Indonesia’s diverse educational landscapes.