• Errors in values, labels, calculations, tables, figures, or supplementary material that can be corrected without undermining the article’s overall reliability.
• Incorrect author information or an approved authorship amendment.
• Missing or inaccurate funding, competing-interest, acknowledgment, or other declarations.
• Reference, attribution, or factual errors requiring a public clarification.
• Limited problems for which a specific amendment adequately addresses the effect on the record.

A correction must not be used to disguise fundamentally unreliable findings. Significant changes to conclusions require assessment of whether correction remains sufficient. Authorship eligibility and agreement follow Authorship and Contributorship.

Authors or readers should identify the article DOI, affected passage or item, proposed amendment, and supporting explanation. Authors must promptly report significant errors they discover.

The responsible editor assesses the effect on the article and may obtain author responses or independent advice. Where evidence indicates a broader integrity issue, assessment proceeds under Integrity Investigations. Author agreement is sought where appropriate but does not provide a veto over a necessary correction.

A formal correction identifies the article, describes the error and amendment, and explains any effect on interpretation or conclusions. It is dated, clearly labelled, freely accessible, and linked to the affected article.

Minor typographical or technical changes with no material effect may be handled through an appropriate version note or administrative update. Substantive amendments must not be made silently.

Requests to correct an author’s name, including identity-sensitive name changes, are handled respectfully and with appropriate privacy safeguards. Public explanations should not unnecessarily disclose previous personal information or reasons for the change.