1. PERMITTED USE

Users may copy, share, redistribute, translate, adapt, and build upon licensed material in any medium, including for commercial purposes, subject to the license. This includes educational reuse and text and data mining.

No additional journal permission or reuse payment is required for uses already authorised by CC BY 4.0. The license does not require adaptations to use the same license.

2. ATTRIBUTION AND CONDITIONS

• Provide appropriate credit and retain applicable attribution, copyright, and license notices.
• Include a link to CC BY 4.0 and identify modifications, retaining indications of earlier changes.
• Provide the article citation and DOI or source link where reasonably practicable.
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• Do not impose legal terms or technological restrictions that prevent others from exercising the licensed rights.

Attribution may be provided in a reasonable manner appropriate to the medium and context. This summary does not add conditions beyond the license.

3. SCOPE AND CONTINUITY

Check credit lines for third-party material with separate terms. CC BY 4.0 does not necessarily grant patent, trademark, privacy, publicity, or other rights outside its scope. No permission is required for uses independently allowed by applicable exceptions or public-domain status.

A valid license is not revoked merely because an article is corrected, retracted, or removed from the website. Users must continue to comply with the license conditions.

License information is displayed on article pages and publication files. Any verified historical article-specific license must be represented accurately; a website update does not automatically relicense earlier content.