Manuscript

1. TITLE, AUTHOR INFORMATION, ABSTRACT, AND KEYWORDS

Title

Use a concise, specific, and informative title that reflects the main subject and contribution. Avoid unnecessary abbreviations and unsupported claims.

Author Information

In the identified manuscript or title page, present author names without academic titles, followed by institutional affiliations and countries. Identify the corresponding author and provide contact details and ORCID identifiers where available. The placement or removal of identifying information in submission files is governed by 3.7 Submission Requirements.

Abstract

Provide a self-contained summary of 150–250 words, normally covering the research problem or context, objective, method or analytical approach, principal findings or arguments, and conclusion or implications. Avoid citations, unexplained abbreviations, and information not supported by the manuscript. Follow the template’s abstract presentation.

Keywords

Provide 3–6 specific terms or short phrases representing the manuscript’s main concepts, methods, population, setting, or subject area. Avoid overly broad terms and unnecessary repetition.

2. ORGANISATION OF THE MAIN TEXT

Introduction

Establish the context, synthesise relevant literature, identify the research problem or knowledge gap, and state the objective, research questions, or hypotheses where appropriate. Explain the contribution the manuscript seeks to make.

Literature Review or Theoretical Framework

Include a separate section where appropriate. Critically connect the relevant concepts, theories, and previous findings to the study rather than presenting an unconnected list of sources. This material may be integrated into the Introduction when suitable for the disciplinary approach.

Methods or Scholarly Approach

Describe how the research or analysis was conducted. Report the design, context, data sources or materials, selection procedures, instruments, and analytical approach as applicable. Explain relevant quality assurance procedures and identify software or other tools where necessary to understand the analysis.

Results or Findings

Present findings in a logical order aligned with the research objectives or questions. Use tables, figures, quotations, or other evidence where they improve understanding, without unnecessarily repeating the same information in multiple forms.

Discussion

Interpret the findings, relate them to relevant scholarship, explain their significance, and address alternative interpretations and limitations. Results and Discussion may be combined when this produces a clearer disciplinary presentation.

Conclusion

Answer the central research question and synthesise the principal contribution. State implications and appropriate directions for further research without introducing unsupported findings or merely repeating the abstract.