MJVBM is committed to maintaining the integrity of the published scholarly record. Retractions, corrections, and expressions of concern are handled in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) — https://publicationethics.org.

1. Grounds for Retraction
An article may be retracted if:
- There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable due to major error, fabrication, or falsification of data;
- The work constitutes plagiarism or infringes copyright;
- The findings have been previously published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission, or justification (redundant publication);
- The research was conducted unethically or without required approvals;
- The peer review process was compromised or manipulated.

2. Corrections (Errata / Corrigenda)
Minor errors that do not affect the validity of the results or the reliability of the article will be addressed through a published correction (erratum for publisher errors; corrigendum for author errors), which is linked to the original article.

3. Expression of Concern
Where there is inconclusive evidence of misconduct or the investigation is ongoing, the editors may issue an Expression of Concern to alert readers while the matter is being resolved.

4. Retraction Procedure
Retraction decisions are made by the Editor-in-Chief, normally following an investigation and after giving the authors an opportunity to respond. A retraction notice, clearly identified and linked to the retracted article, will be published. The original article is not removed but is watermarked or clearly marked as "Retracted" to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record.

5. Article Removal
In exceptional cases (for example, where an article is defamatory, infringes legal rights, or poses a serious risk), the article content may be removed while metadata (title and authors) is retained, accompanied by a statement explaining the removal.

All retractions, corrections, and expressions of concern are made freely available to readers and are indexed together with the original article.