1. Principles

Investigations are fair, confidential, proportionate, and documented. The presumption of good faith applies until evidence indicates otherwise.

2. Steps

1. Initial assessment by a non-conflicted editor
2. Collection of evidence (similarity reports, data, correspondence)
3. Request for explanation from the authors, with a reasonable response period (normally 14 days)
4. Consultation with reviewers, experts, or the authors’ institution where needed
5. Decision and documentation, following the relevant COPE flowchart

3. Cooperation with Institutions

When serious misconduct is suspected, the journal may inform the authors’ institution and ask it to investigate. For student authors, the journal may also notify the supervisor and the Head of Study Program.

4. Possible Outcomes

Depending on the findings, outcomes may include no action, education of the authors, correction, expression of concern, retraction, or a temporary ban on submissions.