1. Originality

By submitting, authors declare that the manuscript is their own original work, has not been published in any language, and is not under review by another journal.

2. Similarity Screening

Every manuscript is checked with similarity-detection software (Turnitin/iThenticate or equivalent) at initial screening and again before publication. As a general guide, the overall similarity index should not exceed 20%, and no single source should exceed 3%, excluding the reference list and properly quoted Qur’anic verses and hadith texts. Editors assess the report qualitatively; the number alone does not determine the outcome.

3. Forms of Plagiarism

• Copying text, data, or ideas from another source without attribution
• Paraphrasing another author’s work so closely that it remains essentially unchanged
• Self-plagiarism: reusing substantial portions of one’s own published work, or publishing the same thesis data in multiple overlapping articles, without disclosure
• Translation plagiarism: translating another author’s work and presenting it as one’s own

4. Consequences

Depending on severity, the editors may request revision, reject the manuscript, inform the author’s institution, or retract a published article (see Retractions).